Cold War And The Soviet Union - 859 Words

Dige Li AMS2270 Cold War This essay will discuss about cold war, including the background, beginning, progress and ending. As we know, cold war is a struggle between U.S. with NATO and Soviet Union with WTO from 1947 to 1991. It is a significant event in history, and it influence the almost all of world, it directly lead to the radical change of eastern Europe and the breakup of the USSR. In 1946 February, George.F.Kennan wrote a â€Å"Long Telegram†, it clearly said the strategy of containing Soviets and it was adopted by America. Then in March, Winston Churchill,a famous Prime Minister of the United Kingdom during WW2, invited to speak at American University by Harry S. Truman. He said that From Stettin in the Baltic to Trieste in the Adriatic, an iron curtain has descended across the Continent and he called to against Soviets. This is the famous â€Å"Iron curtain speech† and this is also considered as the beginning of the cold war. February to June 1948, the United States, Britain, France, the Netherlands, Belgium, Luxembourg, the six countries held a meeting decided to establish the West German government. Soon, the United States, Britain, France declared a currency reform in the western region accounted for issuing so-called B remember Markon June 18, 1948, circulating in the Western occupation zone. This is the first significant practical step of the partition of German. Then the Soviet blockade of transport of land and sea between Western Zones and westernShow MoreRelatedThe Cold War And The Soviet Union973 Words   |  4 PagesThe Cold War was a state of economic, diplomatic, and ideological discord among nations without armed conflict. The Cold War was between the United States and the USSR because these were the two major powers after WWII. Basically, the Cold War was a series of proxy wars that had taken place back in time involving surrounding countries. One of the main causes for Cold War was that the Soviet Union was spreading communism and the U nited States didn’t like that so they were trying to contain communismRead MoreThe Cold War And The Soviet Union1233 Words   |  5 PagesThe Cold War is unique among war’s to be not a war between states, but a war between ideologies. The United States and other allies defend social democracy capitalism, as the pinnacle of freedom and equality; and the Soviet Union though communism was the pinnacle of equality. These ideologies manifested themselves through the superpowers, which caused the conflict between them. Both the United States, and the Soviet Union are to blame for the outbreak of the Cold War. The United State’s missionRead MoreThe Cold War And The Soviet Union1697 Words   |  7 PagesThe Cold War, in fact didn’t take place in the winter season, but was just as dangerously cold and unwelcoming, as it focused on two contrasting powers: the U.S. and the Soviet Union. After World War 2, the Cold War influenced capitalist U.S. and communist Sovi et Union to engage in disagreements causing many disputes having to use military, economic and humanitarian aid. With different goals, the contrasting powers prove through the Marshall Plan, the Cuban Missile Crisis, and SALT that communismRead MoreThe Cold War And Soviet Union840 Words   |  4 PagesThere are many theories and opinions of how the cold war started. Some believe that the cold war was the result of the belligerence of Joseph Stalin and the insecurity it caused in the United States and the West. Others believe the primary responsibility for the cold war derives from the hardline policies of the United States. (Viewpoints Article: the Soviet Union Start the Cold War) I believe The Cold War was triggered by the theory of two superpower countries in a race for dominance in the worldRead MoreThe Cold War On The Soviet Union1230 Words   |  5 PagesThe Cold War’s effect on the Soviet Union Shortly after the World War 2 ended, the United States and its North Atlantic Treaty Organization allies entered the cold war with the Soviet Union. Germany was divided in half and later, the Berlin Wall was constructed as a physical boundary between the Soviet controlled East Germany and NATO controlled West Germany. This standoff continued until the Soviet Union dissolved in 1991. The cold war had a huge influence on the world stage, but also had a majorRead MoreThe Cold War And The Soviet Union1391 Words   |  6 Pageswake of World War II as the decades-long force of Germany’s reign came to its conclusion, an extensive repositioning of authority among the world’s top powers began. The war wielded devastating consequences for most countries involved and effectively diminished the dominance Britain and France once employed across the globe. Out of this devastation rose the two new dominating forces of the world who were triumphant in the aftermath of the war: the U nited States and the Soviet Union. The United StatesRead MoreThe Cold War And The Soviet Union Essay965 Words   |  4 PagesThe Cold War was a period in world history marked with increased tensions primarily between the United States and the Soviet Union. Both countries desired to expand their ideologies across the globe, the U.S. urging capitalism and democratic elections and the Soviets promoting communism. After the allies had obtained victory in World War II, the Yalta Conference was held. Joseph Stalin, the leader of the Soviet Union, wanted to expand his sphere of influence into Eastern Europe and demanded thatRead MoreThe Cold War And The Soviet Union1343 Words   |  6 PagesAbstract: As one of the most important events in 20th century, the Cold War had a very deep influence for the human-being civilization and it changed the world structure . The United States and the Soviet Union ,the two poles, became enemies from friends after the World War II. They adopt hostile attitude towards each other and criticized the the opponents’ social systems. To find out who provoked the Cold War, the US, the Soviet Union, the United Kingdoms ,Roosevelt, Truman ,Stalin, and ChurchillRead MoreThe Soviet Union Of The Cold War1745 Words   |  7 Pages During the era of the Cold War, starting in 1947 and definitively ending in 1991, the United States and the Soviet Union faced off in conflicts with each other through smaller states. The United States and Soviet Union faced off to see who could spread their ideology the most in Europe. The Soviet Union used force and supported coups to spread communism while the United States installed democratic governments as a way to counter communism in Eastern Europe. These small conflicts that the two superpowersRead MoreThe Soviet Union And The Cold War1038 Words   |  5 PagesAfter a series of events during the time of World War II, tensions between the United States and the Communists such as the Soviet Union and China, developed into a military and political conflict such as the Cold War. During the Cold War, which went on for 50 years, the Soviet Union and the United States competed to expand their economical and political influence. Although, the United States military has increased in size and it’s strategy. The United States power today is highly supreme when it

Analysis Of Civil Disobedience, By Henry David Thoreau

Henry David Thoreau, author of â€Å"Civil Disobedience† and Walden, has become one of the most influential authors of all time in the eyes of many. Though some might be led to believe his essays and writings, including â€Å"Where I Lived, and What I lived For†, make him a down to earth and even rugged author, as he spent some of his life in the forest. However, his life in the woods was not one of heavy duty work and he often was supported with objects and material possessions, contrary to what many of his essays describe. Although some might think of him as a cheater or a liar, Thoreau’s conflicting lifestyles prove him to be a literary genius as he successfully dictates a lifestyle he himself does not take part in throughout paragraphs one†¦show more content†¦While Thoreau continues to paint himself in a brilliant light, he also rejects the opinions of the outside world with specific allusions and similes. He manages to put himself and decisions on an implicit pedestal, disguising it as man’s desire for material possession and complexity. By referencing the â€Å"German Confederacy, made of up petty states† (Paragraph 2), Thoreau intertwines both connotation and a relevant allusion to current events at the time. This gives Thoreau’s readers a chance to connect with his writing and believe that they are the problem for not dropping their belongings and bounding into the nearest forest to live a life of modesty. He also uses colloquialism to simultaneously draw his readers in while alienating himself from the common issues of man, â€Å"The nation itself, with all its so-called internal improvements, which, by the way are all external and superficial, is just such an unwieldy and overgrown establishment, cluttered with furniture and tripped up by its own traps,† (Paragraph 2). The famous author’s special attention to colloquialisms, including â€Å"so-called†, create an atmosphere famili ar to his readers. However, his decision to mention furniture and traps conflict with Thoreaus own ideas of a materialist lifestyle. Even as simply uses hyperboles to get a point across, â€Å"Men say thatShow MoreRelatedAnalysis Of Civil Disobedience By Henry David Thoreau1886 Words   |  8 PagesAfrican slave trade that culminated in the American Civil War, the loss of one of the greatest presidents in U.S. history, Abraham Lincoln, and, more fittingly for this paper, the emergence of American transcendentalist writers. One writer in particular was Henry David Thoreau, who many historians consider to be the inventor of nonviolent protest as a means of reforming a government. This concept is explained in detail in his piece, Civil Disobedience, where he excellently argues that governments areRead MoreAnalysis Of The Poem Civil Disobedience By Henry David Thoreau1219 Words   |  5 Pagesignorant to the problems others faced. In the essay â€Å"Civil Disobedience† by He nry David Thoreau, Thoreau spent a night in jail for refusing to pay his taxes. After his night in jail, the author has a perspective change about the people around him (his â€Å"neighbors†) and the state. Before he went to jail he thought of his neighbors as friends who were civil when it did not cost them anything and he believed they shared common beliefs. But after Thoreau was imprisoned he says â€Å"that they did not greatlyRead MoreHenry David Thoreau Resistance To Civil Disobedience Analysis1508 Words   |  7 PagesDuring the era of the civil disobedience, individuals took stand and fight for their rights. the government took actions that violated the rights of others or took restrictions that angered residence. Resistance to civil government by Henry David Thoreau is an essay written about his opinion on opposing the government that was taking control of people’s rights, motivating his disagreement of slavery and the Mexican-American war. Mahatma Gandhi, a leader who fought for the Indians independent movementRead MoreLessons in Civil Disobedience828 Words   |  4 Pagesto its effectiveness, individualism, and past history of the world that has made immense progress. It is important to notice that if civil disobedience was not effective, then it would not be continually used to disobey the law. In The Role of Civil Disobedience in Democracy† by Kayla Starr, she explains why we have the right to participate in civil disobedience. â€Å"The U.S. Bill of Rights asserts that the authority of a government is derived from the consent of the governed, and whenever any formRead MoreThe Effect Of Transcendentalism : Henry David Thoreau1654 Words   |  7 PagesThe Effect of Transcendentalism: Henry David Thoreau Transcendentalism is the American literary, political, and philosophical movement of the early nineteenth century that was rooted in the pure Romanticism of the English and the German (Goodman). Ralph Waldo Emerson is considered the father of Transcendentalism because his literature is the first to praise the notable spirituality of nature. The basic belief of the movement is to live authentically; being true to oneself (Day). The movement itselfRead MoreHenry David Thoreau1930 Words   |  8 PagesBiographical Summary Henry David Thoreau was born on July 12, 1817 in Concord, Massachusetts, and was the son of John Thoreau, a pencil maker, and Cynthia Dunbar (â€Å"Henry†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Ency. of World). Growing up in a â€Å"modest New England family,† Thoreau was one of four children and was accustomed to living practically (McElroy). As his family was â€Å"permanently poor,† he came to accept a moderate lifestyle, which may have later influenced his thoughts on the necessities of life (â€Å"Henry†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Ency. of World). As aRead MoreHenry David Thoreau: The Grat Transcendentalist Essay1932 Words   |  8 PagesHenry David Thoreau along with a select group of people propelled the short movement of transcendentalism during the 1830s to the 1850s and was later brought up during the Vietnam War. Many of the transcendentalist ideas came from student who attended Harvard University during this time period. Henry David Thoreau’s individualistic anarchist views on society we re developed throughout his early life and later refined in his years of solitude; these views on society and government are directly expressedRead MoreEssay about Henry David Thoreaus Enlightenment and Ideas 1355 Words   |  6 Pages Civil Disobedience is one of Henry David Thoreaus most famous essays. One of the major problems most critics see with this essay deals with Thoreaus seemingly contradictory statements about society from the beginning to the end. Barry Wood, a well-known critical writer, attributes this change in beliefs to the enlightenment of Thoreau in jail. While I agree with Wood that Thoreau does achieve a form of enlightenment, I will show that Thoreaus views regarding the society he lived in neverRead MoreCivil Disobedience By Henry David Thoreaus Letter From A Birmingham Jail1605 Words   |  7 PagesToday I will be comparing Civil Disobedience by Henry David Thoreau and The Letter from a Birmingham Jail by Dr. Martin Luther King Jr and taking a closer l ook at their rhetorical devices and strategy’s. In Civil disobedience by Henry David Thoreau shows us the need to prioritize some one’s wellbeing over what the law says. American laws are criticized mostly over slavery and the Mexican-American war. In Dr. Martin Luther King Jr.’s â€Å"Letter from a Birmingham Jail† was written in response to a letterRead MoreTranscendentalism : The And The Movement1027 Words   |  5 Pagesa reaction against the general state of intellectualism. During what years did the movement occur? The Transcendentalist movement occurred during the 1820s, and 1830s. List 5 major authors associated with the movement Ralph Waldo Emerson, Henry David Thoreau, Walt Whitman, Emily Dickinson, Explain what Transcendentalist believed about each of the following topics: Human Nature They were to live independently, all you need is your mind, knowledge is born with. They also believed that an institution

Plagiarism Free Essays

Wikipedia defines plagiarism as â€Å"the wrongful appropriation, close imitation or purloining and publish of another language, thoughts, ideas or expression†. In other context, plagiarism is when you present another person’s words or ideas as your own without giving proper acknowledgement to the originator. Plagiarism can be purposeful, or it can be accidental. We will write a custom essay sample on Plagiarism or any similar topic only for you Order Now Students are the one fondest of plagiarizing and they have their own reasons for it. First in the list is the lack of time. Students do not know how to manage time. They are not aware of the extent of work and put it off until the last minute lacking time for original work while others do not trust their own capability. Instead, they get insecure of the work of those professional ones. As they read the professional’s work, they think that they lack knowledge to come up with as good as their work. All students aim for a high grade. They tend to focus with what grade they will receive. They do not care whether they learn something from it. Others tell that not only they are doing it. They are tempted to do so since other still get a grade or are not punish by doing so without any effort. Even those very responsible students tend to plagiarize also. It is because they are afraid of getting a low grade. For them it is unfair that other will get a higher grade by plagiarizing as it may seems that their effort is useless. There are many effects of plagiarism on a person. One of it is causing embarrassment for both the plagiarist and for those who didn’t catch the plagiarist sooner. This is especially the case when the plagiarist has passed off his or her work and was given praise or grades. This case can lead to shame for the organization and to the person who got caught plagiarizing. Moreover, plagiarism can lead to legal issues. Plagiarism isn’t a crime to commit but it is a crime to violate intellectual property rights and a person’s right. Other than that, plagiarism can also lead to building a society of cheating and lazy. It is a form of cheating and when a person who commit plagiarism they’re not doing their own work but rather riding on the coat tails of someone else. If the habit is undetected then he or she may think that he or she can get away with it, which leads to repeated cheating. This will not only eat away a person’s integrity and work ethics but can also lead to other people to follow the cheaters habit. This can increase the number of people’s cheating. As conclusion, it is not always easy to detect plagiarism. Sometimes, it is done accidental, which a person really tries to do their own words but instead ended up with the same words they have read. Whatever it is, bear in mind that plagiarism will not only destroy our careers but can also lead to a person’s lack of soft skills will not be successful in finding a job. How to cite Plagiarism, Papers Plagiarism Free Essays Plagiarism Free Essays This research paper will inform and describe what plagiarism is and how to prevent it. Plagiarism is easily prevented just by having the knowledge of how to do so. It shows how it hurts an individual and how it makes it harder for them to succeed in the long run. We will write a custom essay sample on Plagiarism or any similar topic only for you Order Now This paper also informs you what type of people plagiarize and why they do it. It explains specific methods you can use to prevent plagiarism. Information for this paper has been collected from student manuals, reference books, and websites. Plagiarism is a very common problem but it can also easily be remedied with education of the subject. What is plagiarism? The University of North Carolina Honor Court (2002) defines plagiarism as â€Å"the deliberate or reckless representation of another’s words, thoughts, or ideas as one’s own without attribution in connection with submission of academic work, whether graded or otherwise. † (Instrument of Student Governance, Section II, B, 1. n. d. ). This pretty much means that plagiarism is using another person’s words or ideas without giving credit and saying that they were your own. It is also still plagiarism whether you do it on purpose or not (Instrument of Student Governance, Section II, B, 1, 2002). So if you didn’t know the information before you started researching, and you put it in your paper without citations, you plagiarized. Plagiarism is illegal and it is also a form of cheating. Plagiarism can ruin a student’s academic future but it is easily preventable if you know how. Plagiarizing doesn’t help anyone! It is disrespectful to your teachers, your fellow students, your school, and to yourself (Baylor Boarding School, n. d. ). Plus if teachers catch someone plagiarizing, they will probably be stricter: kind of like this paper. They will also have less trust in their students (Hope College, n. . ). It’s not fair for your classmates to do all of the work for a paper while you plagiarize the whole thing and get the same grade (Hope College, n. d. ). Nothing good comes from it either. Like the old saying; cheaters never prosper. That’s why it is important to know what plagiarizing is and how to prevent it. Teachers give you the assignment so that you will learn from it. They want to see what you learned from the teaching; in your own words. They do not want to see what an expert says on the subject, they want to see what you say. So plagiarizing someone else’s work doesn’t help you or the teacher, because you didn’t learn anything, and the teacher has no idea what you actually learned (Hope College, n. d. ). You learn something by doing it. You make mistakes and learn to fix them the next time. So if you aren’t doing your work how will you learn? It’s pretty much the opposite of what the assignment is supposed to do. By not doing the assignment yourself, you don’t learn anything. You won’t be as creative if you’re always using someone else’s work. How can you be creative if the things that you do are never your own. This hurts you later on in life too. Employers won’t want to hire anyone that can’t do their own work. If you always need someone else’s help to do something then you won’t help that business. If you plagiarize you will also place less value on the work. You won’t care because you didn’t work on it and there was no effort. If you get the paper back and get a good grade you won’t care. Normally you would at least feel something if you got a good grade. Then next time you will be motivated to get a good grade too. If you haven’t worked on the paper you won’t be motivated next time. If you can’t get through high school without cheating, how will you ever make it through college!? In college everything is harder. You will have to write longer papers and do even more research to write them. If you can’t do that in high school you will definitely fail in college. Or, even worse, you will get caught plagiarizing and get expelled (Baylor Boarding School, n. d. ). Even if you do manage to make it through high school and college, if you get caught plagiarizing at work it will be even worse. You could get fired, sued, and/or lose your reputation (Hope College, n. d. ). So why would you do it in the first place. Its better to stop bad habits before they start. People plagiarize for many reasons. Maybe they didn’t think ahead and waited until the last minute to do the paper. Maybe they are just too lazy to do the assignment. Maybe they need to get a good grade or a good response (Harris, R. , 2009). Maybe they just don’t know that it’s bad or how to properly prevent it. It doesn’t matter what their reason is, it can still get them in serious trouble. Anyone can plagiarize. College students, high school students, honor students, failing students, journalists, novelists, and even comedians! It’s easy to do too, especially with the internet. More resources than you will ever need can be found on the internet! It makes information, papers, and research easily available (Robert Harris, n. d. ). It is up to you to use that information correctly though. You need to understand how that kind of stuff should be used just as resources. Those websites are supposed to supplement the reading, not replace it (Robert Harris, n. d. ). Like Sparknotes for example, some students may go on there to save time instead of actually reading the book. Instead they should actually read the book, and then go on Sparknotes to try and understand the reading better. Sparknotes has a lot of information but it is up to the student to use it correctly. It is really easily to plagiarize, but it’s just as easy to avoid. The only way you can avoid plagiarism if you use other people’s work is if you cite your sources correctly (Plagiarism. org, n. d. ). Even if you paraphrase, summarize, use a direct quote, or write anything that is not common knowledge, you still need to cite your sources (Fieser, J. , Burnham, D. , n. d. ). You also need to know how to cite them correctly. There are certain styles that can help you with this, such as MLA or APA. You should also have a bibliography page where all of your sources are combined. (Volume Library. 2006) That way someone can easily determine where you got your information. It’s also helpful to make sure that when you write down your sources to do it neatly so that you don’t put the wrong information down. (Fieser, J. , Burnham, D. , n. d. ). Plagiarism is a growing problem in education today. According to Plagiarism. org, â€Å"in 1969, 58. 3% of high school students let someone else copy their work, compared to 97. 5% in 1989† (Plagiarism. org, n. d. ). Plagiarism is also a widespread problem. In a sample of 1,800 students at nine state universities, â€Å"84% admitted to cheating on written assignments† (Plagiarism. org, n. d. ). According to a study performed in 1999 in the United States, â€Å"almost 85% of college students said cheating was necessary to get ahead,† and â€Å"51% of high school students did not believe cheating was wrong† (Plagiarism. org, n. d. ). Plagiarism can be prevented by teaching students how to prevent it and why it is bad. If teachers would start teaching students about plagiarism at a younger age, it would be less of a problem. Especially at about the time when students start to have to research to complete assignments. Most of the time students plagiarize because they don’t even know what it is. If they knew what it was they would be less likely to do it. There are many formats of citation that you can use to make sure that you aren’t plagiarizing. In this paper, I will cover the main ideas of the MLA, APA, and Turabian formats. Normally you should format your work based on what you are writing for, unless your teacher tells you to use a specific format (University of Lethbridge Library. n. d. ). Also remember that whatever format you chose to write your paper in, you should have the entire paper written in that format. You cannot use multiple formats while writing a paper. You should also make sure that you are using it the right way. Even if you are using a citation format, if you don’t use it correctly it is still plagiarism. It also helps that you use the most recent version of the citation format that you know of (University of Lethbridge Library. n. d. ). MLA stands for â€Å"Modern Language Association†(MLA. org. n. d. ). According to Kemper, D. , Meyer, V. , Sebranek, P. 2006) MLA is used mostly for the â€Å"humanities (literature, philosophy, history, etc. )†. This is what makes it very popular with high school and college writing assignments. While writing a paper in MLA style; credit is given in two main ways. A â€Å"parenthetical reference in the text†and a page of â€Å"works cited† (Bucknell University. n. d. ). The â€Å"works cited† page is located at the end of the paper and includes all sources used in the paper listed in alphabetical order (Bucknell University. n. d. ). †Parenthetical References† tell â€Å"exactly†what information was used from that source (Bucknell University. . d. ). Another popular citation format for students is the APA format. According to Kemper et al. (2006), APA stands for the â€Å"American Psychological Association†. APA formatting is mainly used for â€Å"social science and social studies† papers (Kemper, D. , Meyer, V. , Sebranek, P. 2006). On papers formatted you APA you must include a title page and and abstract. An abstract is basically a short summary of your paper. Like MLA, credit is given in two main ways: in text citations, and a â€Å"reference† page. The †reference page† is the same as MLA, just with a different name Kemper, D. , Meyer, V. Sebranek, P. 2006). On Robert Delaney’s website (n. d. ), the Turabian formatting style is â€Å"designed for college students to use with all subjects†. Radford University’s website (n. d) also states that â€Å"Chicago/Turabian style is frequently used in history, criminal justice, art history, library science, and other academic disciplines†. The Turabian style is different than MLA APA styles in how it cites its resources. Turabian style uses footnotes or end notes with a bibliography at the end to cite its sources. Instead of in-text citations/parenthetical citations (Radford University. . d. ). Turabian style does also use a reference list and the items are also in alphabetical order (Volume Library. 2006). Plagiarism should be avoided at all costs, whether in an academic or professional environment. It can ruin your future and prevent you from reaching your goals. The only way to stop plagiarizing is to know how to prevent it. It is very common, and it is also easy to do. All you need is knowledge of how to format your paper. As long as you cite your sources correctly and with the most up to date version of your format possible, you should be fine. How to cite Plagiarism, Essay examples

Colonial and Post-Colonial America free essay sample

The only thing new in the world is the history you do not know. (Truman) America derives from relationships, events, and ideas that shaped all that it is today. The topics that most shaped America include the environment, government, and employment. The environment is a crucial key to any society, especially America. When the first colonies were formed, each had a very distant environment because of their separation. Each environment influenced their economies and social structures. According to Olsens lecture on Life in Colonial Times, the southern colonies had arm weather and enough rain for a very long crop season. In turn, they had many slaves (so many that the whites were outnumbered) and a completely different society than the north. The northern colonies had long winters and the soil was filled with rocks, which made for a hard time growing crops. The middle colonies were a little better off, but the warm weather and mediocre soil only gave way for small farms (bread basket colonies). We will write a custom essay sample on Colonial and Post-Colonial America or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page So what does this all mean for America today? The farms didnt work out in Northern and middle colonies, which is why they have shifted to specified areas for each crop. Oranges are grown in Florida, while potatoes are grown in Idaho. The colonists helped post colonial Americans fgure out where crops can and cant be grown, and made way for the creation of industrial cities, where crops wouldnt be able to thrive. Government was a topic of controversy in pre colonial America, and it still is today. However, America wouldnt be America without the ideas that the founding fathers set out. As presented in Wickers lecture on The Constitution, The Constitution set forth the idea of the three branches of government. This makes for a more fair ystem of government, and a far cry from a king born into the right family ruling the peoples every move. There would be no democracy, votes, freedom to be a part of the political party of choice, or any of the rights guaranteed by the bill without the ideas derived from Americas beginnings. The idea that the rich get richer and the poor get poorer isnt anything new. Colonial Americas relationship with Africas which lead to the event of slavery still lives on today with employment. As read in, America at 1750 Chapter 4 Black Slavery, whites believed that they were better than the slaves. They believed that the slaves were their property, and didnt treat them as human beings. Although the racism may not be as obvious or prevalent as colonial America, it still exists today. In the feature film, American Winter, families going through unemployment and hardships are documented. In this film, T. J, who is Mexican American, cant find steady qualifications, working a few days, and getting fired for his race. Some employers even made nasty comments to his face. This kind of discrimination of employment might not be to the caliber of slavery in Colonial America, but the ideas and elationships of Africans then, shaped the racist views of Americans today. The rich white men and still getting richer, and the poor minority groups (or in colonial times outsiders) are still getting poorer. Everything that happened in Colonial America shaped Post Colonial America. Ideas, relationships, and events from back then, are what America today derived from. The most important topics of what shaped America are the environment, the government, and employment, which all both plague and prosper America today. Some of this influence from Colonial America is good and some is bad, but either way it is what makes America.

Communism Essays - Political Philosophy, Politics, Philosophy

Communism Communism is a concept or system of society in which the community owns the major resources and means of production rather than by individuals. (Beers 670) Which means if that theory was true, everything should be shared between people. That also suggests that society wouldn't need a government because this society would be without rulers. However, communism also involves the abolition of private property by a revolutionary movement. In the early 19th century the idea of a communist society was a response of the poor and dislocated to the beginning of modern capitalism. (Carr 28) At that time communism was the basis for a number of Utopian settlements. Most Communistic experiments, however, failed eventually. Most of these small private experiments involved voluntary cooperation, with everyone participating in the governing process. Later the term communism was reserved for the philosophy advanced by Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels in their Communist Manifesto and movement they helped create in Central Europe. Since 1917 the term has denoted those who regard the Russian Revolution as a model that all Marxists should follow. (Beers 670-71) Beginning with the Russian Revolution the center of gravity of global communism has moved away from Central and Western Europe from the late 1940s through the 1980s, communist movements were often connected with Third World strivings for national independence and social change. (Beers 729) Karl Marx was born on May 5, 1818 in the city of Trier in Prussia now Germany. He was one of seven children of Jewish Parents. Marx attended high school in his hometown in (1830-1835). During high school years he was always politically rebellious and often was drunk and disorderly causing him to spend a lot of time in jail. After high school he went to university in Berlin. In October of 1842, Marx became an editor of the paper Rheinische Zeitung and as the editor wrote editorials on socioeconomic issues such as poverty. However, the Prussian government suspended it because of"pressures from the government of Russia." So, Marx went to Paris to study "French Communism." In June of 1843 he was married to Jenny Von Westphalen. Paris was also the place were Marx and Engels joined forces at the end of August in 1844. This time they had more in common. Engels had rejected the Young Hegelians and other "radical bourgeois" acquaintances. And Marx had moved rapidly into communism. They had reached a common point. Marx had introduced Engels to the editors of a new radical journal in Paris called Vorwarts which after a vague beginning had become an organ of revolutionary and communist propaganda. But later on, a Prussian government in 1845 closed down the Vorwarts. Forcing Marx along with a small group of others, among them the Russian radical Mikhail Bakunin to move in Brussels, the capital neighboring Belgium. The rest was history. (Rice 1-74) In their writings Marx and Engels tried to analyze society which they described as capitalistic. They pointed out the differences between ideals and reality in modern society. Rights granted to all had not done away with injustices, constitutional self government had not abolished mismanagement and corruption, science provided mastery over nature but nor over fluctuations of the business cycle and the efficiency of modern production methods had produced slums in midst of abundance. (Beers 495-96.) They described all human history as the attempt of men and women to develop and apply their potential for creativity for the purpose of controlling the forces of nature so as to improve the human condition. In this ongoing effort to develop its productive forces, humanity has been remarkably successful; history has been a march of progress. Yet in developing productivity, various social institutions have been created that have introduced exploitation, domination and other evils humanity pays for progress is an unjust society. Every social system of the past, Marx argued had been a device by which the rich and powerful few could live by the hard work and misery of the powerless many. Engels and Marx believed that the capitalist system too was flawed and therefore bound to destroy itself. They tried to show that the more productive the system became, the more difficult it would be to make it function. The more goods it produced, the less use it would have for these goods, the more people it trained, and the less it could utilize their talents. (Rice 55-60) Capitalism in short would eventually choke on its own wealth. The collapse of the capitalist economy, it was thought, would turn in a political revolution in which the masses of the

W.E.B. Du Bois vs. Booker T. Washington essays

W.E.B. Du Bois vs. Booker T. Washington essays W.E.B. Du Bois vs. Booker T. Washington African-Americans in the 18th and 19th century lived in a period of tension. African Americans faced greater challengeslegal, economic, social, and politicalthan any other group challenging their own oppressed status and seeking reform. No longer slaves, they were still not treated upon as equals by whites. However, movements as well as several African-American leaders rose to power during this period. They sought to bring the race to new heights. Two of these leaders were W.E.B. Du Bois and Booker T. Washington, who shared different views and solution to the race problem. Their backgrounds strongly influenced the way they attacked the "Negro Problem." William Edward Burghardt Du Bois (1868-1963) was born in Great Barrington, Massachusetts. Bu Bois had grown up with more privileges and advantages than most blacks living in the United States at that time. Unlike most blacks living in the South, he had suffered neither severe economic hardship nor repeated encounters with racism. Du Bois, in comparison to Washington, had never known slavery. As violence against blacks increased in the South throughout the 1880s, Du Boiss scholarly education was matched by the hard lessons he learned about race relations. Through his experiences with poor blacks and encounters with racial hatred, Du Bois began to develop his racial consciousness and the desire to help improve the conditions of his race. With The Souls of Black Folk, Du Bois openly attacked Washingtons philosophy of the Atlanta Compromise. He objected to Washingtons strategy of accommodation and compromise with whites in both politics and education. He accused Washington of encouraging white efforts to impose segregation and of unnecessarily limiting the aspirations of the blacks. Du Bois also criticized Washingtons emphasis on the importance of industrial education for blacks. Rather than settle for ...

English Composition Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

English Composition - Essay Example On October 1959, New York's Guggenheim Museum opens on Fifth Avenue between 88th and 89th streets to house the collection of the late copper magnate Solomon R. Guggenheim, whose mentor, Hilla Rebay, induced him to buy dozens of canvases by the late abstractionist Wassily Kandinsky (World Chronology, 2007). In the field of nonfiction literature, C. Wright Mills wrote "The Sociological Imagination" to enable the young radicals to see their worth as potential agents of change in a social structure whose needs are not being met by the existing power structures (World Chronology, 2007). Television became the most dominant mass media in every American home in 1959. On January 9, San Francisco-born actor Clint Eastwood stars in "Rawhide" on CBS (World Chronology, 2007). I remember my mother humming the popular songs of the year: "Back in the U.S.A." and "Almost Grown" by Chuck Berry, and "Just a Lonely Boy" and "Put Your Head On My Shoulder" by Paul Anka. In the field of politics, America has acquired new states in 1959. Alaska and Hawaii become the forty-ninth and fiftieth states, respectively.

Ethics in Real Business Life Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Ethics in Real Business Life - Essay Example According to Le Blonde (2013) the strike was mainly caused by Workers who were â€Å"demanding a collective wage agreement to meet pay standards in the German retail sector.† However, the management on the other hand is arguing that the employees are getting what they are supposed to get. â€Å"The Head of Amazon Germany indicated that there was no need for negotiation with regards to the issue of compensation. He said: â€Å"Amazon already pays [workers] above average for the logistics sector and we are in a direct dialogue with our workers – we dont need Verdi for that" (Le Blonde, 2013). This shows that there is a conflict of interest between the management and the workers. It is unethical for business to pay poor wages to the workers. Employees are also human beings with needs and interests in their lives and they can fulfil them through the money they get from their respective workplaces. Paying low wages to the employees amounts to exploitation and this is unethical in as far as business operation is concerned. The management in the organization should see to it that the employees get fair wages that are commensurate with the work they are doing. Failure to do that may result in conflicts emanating from wage disputes. These are counterproductive since the workers will down tools and this can impact on the effectiveness of the organisation as a whole. In my own opinion, I think it is unethical for the company to offer little wages to the employees. The company should be socially responsible and it should ensure that the employees are getting satisfactory wages in order to create loyalty among them. Workers who are disgruntled are not productive and this can impact on the overall performance of the company as a whole. The performance of the company mainly depends on the effort put by the employees in their performance. In order to gain the trust of people, organizations should ensure that they put in

The Economic Environment of Business (Museums) Essay

The Economic Environment of Business (Museums) - Essay Example Most museums around the world are charging entrance fees as it is the norm. This follows after several attempts by nations like Germany, France, Sweden, and Salvador tried free admission, but the project failed. Unlike other nations which have faltered in the free entry of museums, the United Kingdom (UK) has excelled in the last 10 years. The government use free admission as part of the government plan to broaden accessibility of the country’s heritage and culture. Free admission has been found to immensely increase the visitors’ numbers who visit the museums. UK’s culture Secretary Chris Smith argued that free admission would mark a new beginning for the arts and cultural life of this country. This has opened gates for the people who are entering the museums. Consequently, free entry has been the key to attracting people from all ages and across the divide. In the US entrance to the museums has long been free, but there are certain private museums that have exo rbitantly high charges and people still pay. This shows citizens are not discouraged by charges if the destination is good. Free entry has altered the image of museums because venues are staging a broader variety of exhibitions so as to bring in new people. However, the problem still remains that it can prove to be a challenge where the state’s funds are stretched to the limit. Consequently, most nations have made entry to museums chargeable. As noted by (Silito, 2011) some museums in Britain still charge including Cabinet War Rooms, Imperial War and Tate St. Ives. Discussion Museum visits Museums take various organizational forms. Museums are private non-profit organization, private profit firms, or public organizations operated in a non-profit manner. Johnson and Thomas (2008, p. 78) point out that non-profit organizations were established as result of satisfied demand for public goods. Museums’ cost structure is also responsible for establishment of non-profit firms . According to Frey and Meier (2006, pp.1020-21) assert that museums have two types of demand: private and public demand. Private demand is exerted by visitors who visit the museum as a leisure activity or as part of their profession. The core determinants relating to price or costs include, (1) admission fee; the demand for museum services are price inelastic (2) opportunity cost of time; individuals who are self employed or with higher income have a higher opportunity cost of time, compared to low income persons or with fixed working hours, thus are expected to visit museums more often (3) Price of alternative activities. The social demand influences the society beyond the experiences of the actual museum visitors themselves. The social effects include externalities and influence on the market. The external effects include: education, prestige, existence and bequest values (pp.1023). The market effects include creating job opportunities and generating commercial revenue (pp.1024). In addition, museums differ from other organizations in the services due to the following determinants: high fixed costs, the marginal costs are close to zero, are characterized with dynamic costs, and high opportunity costs. With regard to high opportunity cost Frey and Meier (2006, p. 1028) argue that museums understate their true capital costs by not taking into consideration the opportunity

Quantitative investigation of immunoglobulins

Quantitative investigation of immunoglobulins Introduction- Quantitative investigation of Immunoglobulins is the basis of the standard laboratory technique within the field of clinical immunology. Immunoglobulins can be measured quantitatively through the use of nephelometry, such measurements are vital in the instance of a suspected immunodeficiency within a patient. For this reason the test is accurate and rapidly measures the amounts of IgM, IgG and IgA proteins within the blood of the patient and from such determine if a number of conditions or disorders are present. The role of such antibodies is within fighting infections and allergies as part of the normal immune response. A disease (or disorder) can be identified through the measurement of such protein levels. IgM for example can appear during an initial infection and then reappear to a lesser extent upon secondary exposure. (Weir, 1978) Nephelometry is usually performed by drawing blood from a vein on the back of the hand or if not possible the inside of an elbow. The needle draws the blood into an airtight vial or tube attached to it. Removal of the needle is followed by sterilisation and covering of the incision site. (Stanley, 2002) Practical Schedule- Nephelometry is an automated system that measures antigen or antibody solution in very limited concentrations by the amount of light scatter. The principle is that when the light comes into contact with the solution it will not be absorbed but scatter away from the main beam and measured at angles between 0-90 from a predefined curve. The subsequent amounts are proportionate to that of the concentration of molecules. As well as dilute solutions there also needs to be a linear correlation between molecules formed and optical density. For this reason several dilutions measurements are recorded and also during the formation of molecules. This process is known as rate nephelometry. When considering this technique it is vital that the relative amount of antigen and antibody must be small enough so that precipitation does not occur but also large enough to allow the formulation of small immune complexes. Immunoprecipitation results are achieved through the use of monoclonal antibodies (MCAs) allowing epitopes to react with the antiserum and MCAs forming immune precipitates with their antigens. Results- Normal results IgG: 560 to 1800 mg/dL IgM: 45 to 250 mg/dL IgA: 100 to 400 mg/dL Evaluation- the automated nature of this technique means that it is both fast accurate with results available within 1-2 hours. Its wide spread use is mainly down to this factor but its simplicity and low sample size and volumes also make it a valued technique with the clinical laboratory setting. (Diamandis et al1996). It is however, as with most techniques not without its draw backs. The usual precautions should be taken as when taking any blood sample. Although rare excessive bleeding, fainting and infection should all be considered as risk factors when taking samples. (Drexel, 14/06/08) The presence of dust particles and other debris can be cause for distorted readings and lead to higher values than expected. This can be addressed through centrifugation of the specimen (Diamandis et al1996). In addition to this air bubbles can cause similar effects on results. To ensure readings are as accurate as possible, the specificity should be at optimum level, as set on the nephelometer and controls should be carried out wherever it is used. (Palmer, 1992) Although this method does determine the amount of each immunoglobulin it does not possess the ability to identify antibodies. Another method that can be used to quantitatively investigate Immunoglobulins in serum, saliva, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), amniotic fluid, and gastrointestinal juice is Radial Immunodiffusion (Chapel et al1999). This technique allows for the adding of a sample to a well in a gel made up of the antibody specific for the substance being tested for. This then moves through the gel leading to the formation of a visible precipitate around the optimum concentration sample well. The interpretation of such results however is subjective and results are delayed as the process takes several days and as such nephelometry is recommended for greater precision, automation, objectivity and speed and is suitable for large throughput tests (Keogan et al 2006). It is also hard to quantitatively analyse the results using very small samples and a calibration curve. (Chapel et al., 2006). 2. Quantitative Other Serum Proteins-Radial Immunodiffusion Introduction Radial Immunodiffusion acts upon the antigen- antibody complex precipitation reaction. It is used within the field of neurology and oncology. This involves passive diffusion of immunoreactants through an agar matrix. An electrical current is not required for such process to occur as is reliant upon the physiochemical relationships. Practical Schedule Radial Immunodiffusion works via the mixing of antiserum with agar and pouring it on a glass plate to allow it to solidify. The antiserum must be specific for the class of immunoglobulin that is being measured for the technique. The agar mixture is then punctured and the subsequent holes filled using the sera from the test samples. Diffusion of the Immunoglobulins radially causes the formation of precipitate at the point which the number of antibody and antigen are identical. As with previous techniques a calibration curve us used that has been made up from known set of solution to determine the amount of Immunoglobulins present within the sample. Evaluation Accuracy and specificity is the most potent threat to validly of this technique. The fundamental problem is the lack of sensitivity and is not a rapid technique with results taking over 48 hours owing to reaction times. (Chapel, 2002) Whilst it does provide use in the determination of serum proteins quantitatively there are an array of factors that can lead to unreliable results. Temperature of the gel and external environment, molecular size, gel viscosity, reactant concentration and buffer pH highlights a few of the factors that will affect the rate of diffusion but is not exhaustive. (Nakamura et al, 1979) 3. Quantitative other Serum proteins Collection of serum Collect blood in a glass container and allow it to clot at room temperature for an hour. Once the clot has formed loosen the walls of the container to aid retraction. Transfer to 4 degrees and leave overnight if necessary Collect the expressed serum and centrifuge at 150g for 5 minutes to sediment the erythrocytes, and then at 350g for 15 minutes. Transfer the straw coloured serum to suitable containers and heat at 56 degrees for 30 minutes to destroy the heat labile components of complement. (Hay et al., 2002) Qualitative Immunoglobulins Introduction- The stages of diagnosis, determination of immunity and the susceptibility of an individual to many microbial infections, are based upon immunological tests in serum. When blood clots the fluid that remains is known as serum and as such it is rich in Immunoglobulins. Serum however is not easily accessible so other sample sources can be used. The presence of specific Immunoglobulins in urine, saliva and cerebrospinal fluid mean that such bodily fluids, inclusive of others such as semen, can be used instead. Anatomically the most readily available and less intrusive however, as with other bodily fluids, contain low concentrations of IgM and IgG. Semen is abundant with these Immunoglobulins and as such may be perceived as being the most accurate and reliable in any such investigations (PCT, 1987) In Serum- Immunoelectrophresis Introduction- Serum Protein Electrophoresis is a qualitative investigation carried out to test for the presence of monoclonal bands (paraproteins). (Chapel et al., 2002) During electrophoresis, discrete monoclonal bands may appear (M bands). Further investigation is needed in order to determine the immunoglobulin heavy and/ or light chains through immunofixation. This is important when trying to distinguish what sort of Immunoglobulins are present. Determination is achieved through Immunoprecipitation in a gel with anti- sera that is specific for heavy and light chains of the immunoglobulin. Immunoelectrophresis works by separating sera in agarose gel by electrophoresis. Troughs that are parallel to the unfixed electrophoretic strips have specific anti- sera added to them leading to the formulation of precipitin arcs that are clearly visible owing to the process of diffusion. Immunofixation however tends to be more commonly used and as such will be more focused upon within the portfolio. This technique is commonly used in the diagnosis of conditions such as osteoporosis. In the abnormal absence of a heavy chain and an abnormal reaction occurring with the ant- sera that are specific for light chains discrete (M) bands are present. It is also a highlight to the possibility of an IgD or IgE paraproteins although is far less common. If an abnormal reaction occurs with only the heavy chain anti sera it is indicative of a rare heavy chain disorder. It is possibly to quantify individual M bands with the use of a densitometer. This acts by measuring the intensity of the stain taken up by each individual band and as such is the only method at present to be of use in the measurement of paraproteins concentration (Chapel et al1999). Practical Schedule taken from Clinical Immunology. (Chapel et al., 2002) Immunoelectrophoresis- Apply serum samples to an electrophoresis gel at the cathode end alongside a normal serum sample as a control. Apply an electric current for 45 minutes and remove the gel. Use a stain to visualize the bands. Immunofixation-specific antisera to IgG, IgA, IgM and kappa and lambda light chains are then applied to the electrophoresed samples by soaking strips of cellulose acetate in the individual antisera and laying them on the electrophoresis gel. This is then incubated for 2 hours and all the un-fixed proteins are washed off leaving the precipate. Individual monoclonal bands can be quantitatively measured by a densitometer. Results The dark areas indicate monoclonal bands. The picture above shows a positive result for the lambda chain. The presence of monoclonal bands can indicate multiple myelomas or osteoporosis. In this example, the M band is identified as IgG of kappa type. Concentration of the M band is determined using a densitometric trace, as demonstrated in the second image. Evaluation- The presence of air bubbles will distort the formation of protein bands and as such the gel must be degassed. The method detailed above is much quicker and far more sensitive than the singular use of immunoelectrophresis. Its cheapness and low hazard level mean it is a desirable technique in the detection of Immunoglobulins within serum. (Zola et al. 1999) Qualitative Immunoglobulins in Urine- Electrophoresis and Immunofixation Normal physiology of the kidney dictates that protein is usually excreted within the urine in minimal amounts. Higher levels can lead to the suspicion of multiple myeloma that can lead to irrapairable damage to the kidneys as nephritic cells are non replaceable with chronic lymphocytic leukaemia and hypogammaglobulninaemia being suspects. Kidney disorders such as IgA nephropathy may also be a causation of such symptoms. All humans produced excessive amounts of free polyclonal light chains in accompaniment to normal immunoglobulin synthesis with these being secreted into the urine and are detectable in low amounts in all samples (Thompson, 1981). If the normal range of this is exceeded however it is indicative of renal damage. This method is often used in order to detect these small free monoclonal light chains that are also called Bence- Jones Proteins owing to the fact that normal parameters of testing fail to pick them up. (Chapel, 2005). Bence- Jones Proteins are distinguishable by the fact they possess unusual thermal properties, for example they precipitate out of the urine solution at 56 degrees and redissolve upon further heating. (Thompson, 1978) Practical Schedule Determine concentration by ultrafiltration, absorption of water, or by freeze-drying. There are several commercially available kits for determining the concentration of urine. This involves concentrating the urine, then using electrophoresis to determine the presence of monoclonal bands. Then using immunofixation to establish what the monoclonal band is made of. (Chapel et al., 2006) Results Serum protein samples from patients with light chain multiple myeloma and one normal result on the far left.The M protein is seen as a dark dense band localised on the strip, this picture shows the different bands that can be detected. Albumin Decreased with malnutrition and malabsorption, pregnancy, kidney disease (especially nephrotic syndrome), liver disease, inflammatory conditions, and protein-losing syndromes Increased with dehydration Alpha1 globulin Decreased in congenital emphysaema (a1-antitrypsin deficiency, a rare genetic disease) or severe liver disease Increased in acute or chronic inflammatory diseases Alpha2 globulin Decreased with hyperthyroidism or severe liver disease, haemolysis (red blood cell breakage) Increased with kidney disease (nephrotic syndrome), acute or chronic inflammatory disease Beta globulin Decreased with malnutrition, cirrhosis Increased with hypercholesterolaemia, iron deficiency anaemia, some cases of multiple myeloma or MGUS Gamma globulin Decreased variety of genetic immune disorders, and in secondary immune deficiency Increased Polyclonal: chronic inflammatory disease, rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, cirrhosis, chronic liver disease, acute and chronic infection, recent immunization. Monoclonal: Waldenstroms macroglobulinaemia, multiple myeloma, monoclonal gammopathies of undetermined significance. (MGUS) Table from lab tests UK online. Evaluation-this method allows the determination of the different proteins in the urine and can be vital in allowing the doctor to work out a diagnosis of the condition. It is relatively simple and reliable however the results can only be read by a skilled worker and owing to its various steps is not as rapid as desired. Results show that different diagnoses are reached depending on which Immunoglobulins are increased in the urine, as indicated in the table above. Qualitative Immunoglobulins in Cerebrospinal Fluid- immunoperoxidase and isoelectric focusing This test allows for the differentiation between IgG and albumin concentrations. This relationship is important to differentiated as IgG is synthesised by lymphocytes within the brain where as albumin is not and is known as the CSF IgG Index that is indicative of this fact as demonstrates how much IgG within the CSF has been synthesised. (Chapel et al2006). Unlike the before mentioned serum where single discrete (M) bands where formed the locally synthesised IgG is often oligoclonal and subsequently cannot be detected by means of electrophoresis of CSF as isnt concentrated. (Roitt et al.. 2002) The only available method for the detection of oligoclonal bands are isoelectric focusing and immunofixation with enzyme labelled antiserum. Investigation and diagnosis of demyelinating disorders such as Multiple Sclerosis is carried out using such tests. (Richard et al 2002) Practical Schedule- Isoelectric focusing and immunofixation with enzyme labelled antiserums. This involves separating the proteins within a pH gradient and transferring them to nitrocellulose membranes that have previously been immunofixed with IgG antiserum to show the specific bands. This can be compared with controls to determine the new bands. (Richard et al., 2002) Results A positive result is where the oligoclonal IgG bands are not found in serums, but, in Cerebrospinal Fluid. These are shown as dense dark bands on the results below. 5-10% of CSF protein tends to be IgG. If a patient has disseminated sclerosis or sub-acute sclerosing panencephalitis then the proportion of IgG in CSF is over 12%. Evaluation This is a relatively modernised method and is approved for use within a clinical setting. The older isoelectric focusing is no longer recommended as it possesses a higher degree of specific (95%) and sensitivity. In addition it is favourable as only requires low concentrations of serum samples and results are available within 2 hours and mostly work on an automated level. (Richard et al.. 2002) Qualitative Immunoglobulins in Saliva- Complement- components Introduction Complement components are large molecular weight proteins. Activation of these usually results in proteolytic cleavage of the molecule into fragments. (Thompson, 1978) Western blotting is used in combination with gel electrophoresis and ELISA and RIAs are used when a whole saliva sample is collected or when there are saliva fractions [Fabian et al., 2007]. Practical Schedule- Gel filtration is carried out on Sephadex G-200. Serum samples of 1.5ml were applied to and 2.5cm diameter, 40 cm length column containing the Sephadex. This is equilibriated with a buffer containing 0.14M NaCl, 0.006M NaH2PO4 and 0.035M Na2HPO at a pH value of 7.3. Fractions of 2.5ml each are collected at a flow rate of 30ml per hour and the protein content of this effluent is measured as UV transmission at 280m µ in an absorbiometer. Results the results are determined by using these filtrated samples and single radial diffusion, a calibration curve is needed to determine amounts. This is created by using standard solutions. (Rose et al., 1997) Evaluation Occur in large amounts in serum can be measured accurately precipitin reaction in gel. Detecting them as antigens however means it cannot be identified as to whether they are active or not. Collecting specimens for complement assays can be difficult as you are to avoid inducing the complement pathway. Care should be taken to avoid false results caused by this when trying to determine the activation that was caused in vivo. Single radial diffusion can be used to determine quantitatively. This test is rapid reliable and easy to carry out and determine results of. (Rose et al., 1997) Complement-breakdown products Complement-C3- Crossed immunoelectrophoresis Introduction The complement system comprises of proteins (which may be membrane bound or present in plasma) that play an important role is host defences [Stanley, 2002]. The system is involved in destroying certain bacteria and viruses, and is also involved in initiating inflammatory response. Complement is also important for opsonisation of foreign materials, facilitation of phagocytosis by leukocytes, and direct cytotoxic reactions [Gaspari Tyring, 2008]. A determinant of the amount of C3 is crossed immunoelectrophresis and has the advantage of differentiating between inactive and active forms of C3. Deficiencies in C3 can lead to systemic infections including sepsis meningitis, pneumococcal and influenza infections. Method First dimension Prepare a 2% agarose solution in the barbitone buffer containing EDTA (ethylene diamine tetra-acetic acid) Pour 3 ml of agarose solution onto the microscope slide and let set. Cut a 1mm well in the slide removing the agarose and filling with the serum sample for the C3 quantification. Apply a potential difference of approx. 150v for 2 hours. Cut a 5 mm wide longitudinal strip containing the sample. Second dimension Prepare 12ml of an anti-C3 solution in 2% agarose solution at 56 degrees. Place the agarose strip at one end of the square glass plate and cover the whole slide with the agarose containing the anti-C3. Place the plate in the electrophoresis tank making sure it is the right way and electrophorese overnight. Wash and stain the precipitin arcs. This method works by using the electric field to separate the complement components. Results Evaluation- as with many of the before mentioned techniques it requires a skilled technician in order to carry out such a test and can edge on the side of time consuming owing to its numerous steps and incubation periods set out in the methodology. (Hay et al.. 2002) Complement- nephritic factor Complement-nephritic factor Introduction nephritic factor is an autoantibody to activated C3, it breaks down C3 in the alternate pathway by cleaving it into two fragments that are inactive forms (C3d and C3c) of the normal version of C3b. It binds and stabilises the alternative pathway C3 convertase (that is present in all sera) in the presence and absence of serum proteins. The alternative pathway C3 convertase blocks inhibitors from acting on and destroying C3 convertase.. The autoantibody (the C3 nephritic factor) reacts in the complement system not by blocking the enzyme active site but instead, block the site where inhibitors limit the action of and destroy the enzyme. Tests to determine the C3 nephritic factor are performed in patients that possess a C3 concentration that is below normal and is unexplained, with normal C4 levels [SAS Centre, 2009]. This is because the presence of the C3 nephritic factor in a patient means that C3 is continuously broken down and depleted. Low levels C3 can be associated wi th kidney disorders or recurrent infections. (Chapel et al., 2006) Practical Schedule-The practical schedule is similar to the before mentioned. It used samples with the suspected nephritic factor and other normal serum samples. They are incubated together and if the nephritic factor is present, it breaks down the C3 in the normal sample. (Chapel et al., 2006) Results-As expected from the similarity in methodology the results are similar to the detection of C3 in the picture above using crossed immunoelectrophoesis. If only inactive forms are present owing to inactivation from nephritic factor than the result is deemed positive. A negative result is when there is no nephritic meaning that none of the C3 has been inactivated. Evaluation-This method is useful in the detection of nephritic factor only and it is not a very direct test as it is carried out to determine the amount of C3. Complement-functional assay CH50 Introduction complement functional assay are the basis for the diagnosis of complement deficiency disorders. They are divided into subcategories dependent upon their relation to another disease. Primary complement deficiencies are genetic based and secondary refer to those that are acquired. Functional assays play a pivotal role within the assessment of the classical, alternative and terminal pathway of complement activation. The most common haemolytic assay used within the laboratory setting is the CH50 assay as it is both the simplest and easiest to carry out. The functional integrity of the classical complement pathway, C1, C2, C3, C4 is measured using CH50 along with total haemolytic complement. This is achieved by measuring the required quantity of serum in order to cause haemolysis of half the quantity that had been stabilised and sensitised red blood cells (Chapel et al..2006). Classical components become activated to lyses sheep erythrocytes that are coated in rabbit anti- sheep E antibodies (Rose.. 1997) Practical Schedule Add to microtiter wells the sera to be tested along with a buffer in different concentrations. Then add the sheep erythrocytes. Cover and incubate at 37dgrees for 1 hour. Then centrifuge and carry out ELISA to detect results. (Rose et al., 2002) Results Evaluation- The method is generally sensitive and reliable providing the specimen is tested quickly and all reagents are kept on ice. (Chapel et al., 2006) The problem arises in availability as they are not widely available and as such functional assays for complement are limited to laboratories that have the equipment (Gaspan and Tyring 2008). As with many immunological techniques the fundamental threat to validity is improper sample collection, this can occur easily in the onsite environment where it can be left to stand for considerable periods of time at room temperature. (Rose, 1997) 5. Microbial Antigens ELISA Introduction By coupling the antigen to an insoluble adsorbent it is possible to detect human antibodies to specific antigens using this technique. Elevated levels of antibody titre remains a reliable indication to the presence and measurement of an active infection within the diagnostic process. ELISAs provide highly sensitive and precise methods for the estimation of biological parameters, with the added advantage that they can handle large numbers of samples that may then be analysed rapidly and are useful in detection of a range of viruses and bacterial infections inclusive of TB and pneumonia and viral antigens. (Chapel et al..2006) Many types of immunoassays can be used to detect and quantitative both antigens and antibodies, but there are differences in the avidity requirements for the antibodies, the signal strengths of the labels, and the amount of background for each of these types of assays. Antibody capture assays are the most appropriate for measuring the titre of the antisera you have generated. ELISAs by definition exploit the use of an enzyme attached to one of the reagent utilized in the test. Subsequent addition of the relevant enzyme substrates/ chromogens cause a colour change: the results can be read both by eye and quantified using specially designed spectrophotometers. The fact that proteins (including antibodies) and carbohydrates can be passively attached to plastics has been exploited in most applications of ELISA. Since one of the components is attached to a solid phase by passive absorption, subsequent reagents can be added, and after a period of incubation, unreacted material can be simply washed away. Such assays are termed Heterogeneous ELISAs. The plastic surface is known as the solid phase and plastic in the form of 96-well microtiter plates has proved highly practical for the following reasons. A large number (96) of sample wells are available in a highly practical from; Multichannel pipets (4,8,12 channels) designed for use with such plates are available, making reagent handling rapid and simple; Test volumes are small (e.g. 50uL, 100uL); Comparative readings of coloured products can be made by eye or by specially designed multichannel spectrophotometers (96 wells are read in 2-5s) The above facts afford the potential to rapidly handle numerous plates, and hence numerous samples may be examined, e.g., 20 plates/person= 1920 sample points/ person. Attachment of reagents also allows great versatility for ELISA since the various components of assays may be used in different combinations and in different phases to investigate their potential. It is difficult to generalise about the potential performance of the various ELISA systems. There is a wide range of configurations available and probably no two scientific groups attempting to perform the same task by ELISA will use identical configurations. Practical Schedule Dissolve antigen in carbonate-bicarbonate buffer. Add 200  µl to each well of a micro-ELISA plate cover and incubate overnight at 4 degrees. Wash so that unbound antigen is removed and fill with casein to block remaining binding sites. Incubate at room temperature for 1 hour. Add 200  µl of test serum and incubate for 2 hours at room temperature in a humid chamber. Wash the plate three times Prepare the peroxidase-antibody conjugate, mix 100microlitres of casein with 1 ml of serum, 100 µl Tween 20 with 50  µl peroxidase-antibody and stir gently. Add 200 µl to each well and incubate at room temperature for an hour. Wash three times. Prepare the substrate solution and add200  µl substrate to each well. Leave in the dark and allow colour to develop. Stop the reaction by adding 50  µl of sodium fluoride to each of the wells. An ELISA reader can then be used to quantify the colour reaction. General Method from Hay et al., 2002. Results A positive result would be characterised by the reaction that causes colour showing the presence of antibodies to the specific type of bacteria highlighted by a dark band. Evaluation On the whole this method remains largely specific and rapid. The major cause of problem is the scientist(s) involved. The main problem is the lack of close- contact training in the fundamentals of ELISA, so that the scientist has the experience to identify and then solve the problems in the use of reagents. The results yielded cannot have the biological implications assessed without general knowledge of several field of science, e.g., epidemiology, immunochemistry, biochemistry and immunology. This however should not be considered too problematic as the ELISA should be a tool for the investigation of specific problems rather than an end in itself. Whilst it in comparison to immunoflourence in the detection of TB and flow cytomentry it may lack sensitivity, it does remain the cheapest and easiest to carry out. (Rose et al..1997) 6. Autoantibodies It is becoming increasingly evident that the presence of tissue auto antibodies is not in itself pathognomic of disease. Improvements in the technique in the last few years have led to increased sensitivity and detection of weak antibodies in sera which would hitherto have been reported negative. As a large series of patients are tested in an increasing number of laboratories previously held views on the specific clinical association of particular antibodies are being revised and reference to early literature may therefore be misleading. Since antigens and antibodies are defined by their mutual interactions, they can be used to quantify each other. At a practical level in a diagnostic laboratory, the functional tests are labour intensive and therefore expensive, and a compromise is usually sought by using immunochemical assays which measure composite of medium to high affinity antibodies and their abundance. The antibody has become the scientists flexible friend! For example, antibodies raised against hormones, serum proteins, cell constituents, cytokines, or even immunoglobulins themselves, allow these parameters to be measured in immunoassays. Immunoassays form the backbone of tests used in the study

Yamaha YZF R6 :: essays research papers

Some people may define this disease as a â€Å"need for speed†; the adrenaline shock which pulls you closer to it like magnets attracting and forcing you nearer. A secret obsession sparked on and revved up. Redlining the velocity of your heart burning out through each sufferer’s eyes set gazing at the perfect motorcycle a Yamaha R6. When you first look at the bike you immediately picture yourself on it. The coolness factor skyrockets. Bent towards you are the handlebars and at either end silver shiny levers on top of the warm fitted handles. A perfect fit for anyone’s anxious hands. You’ll probably catch a glimpse of yourself as a shimmering, twinkling eyes is seen in the rearview mirrors just behind the windshield. It’s small, sleek and swoops to the back of the bike. Below are housed crisp headlights; halogen beams casting daylight in front. A whirlwind of wheels with dipped chrome rims hold the bike and its counterparts. Flat smooth tred is wrapped around them eight inches in width. A concave padded seat spills latex liner over the entire top of the motorcycle. This leads to the back brake lamp that drops off at a point. All over, stickers sport Yamaha, YZF and R6 modesty aside. Plastics cover the intricacy of the engine, with thick, smooth fittings. Vents are sliced into the plastics bel ow the bulging gas tank following the indents for knees to hug each side of the motorcycle snuggly. On the bottom left side of the bike you will find the gear pedal, the foot brake opposing. These stick out like thorns, gouging the rubber of your shoes stuck stiffly to their surface. Popin’ off the engine invokes your nostrils with a warm mixture of oil and gas. A mild head rush to increase the already trembling presence of power. Generously flood the carburetor with fuel to burn a musty whiff out the wobbling muffler rumbling thunderously. A clean idle pants softly gurgling within. Inside your helmet heavy breath fills, humidifying and raising your body temperature. Open the visor to feel the rush of cool oxygen streaming around your face. The longer your mounted above the motorcycle the warmer the insides of your legs become. Reverse sensations occur whether stationary or in motion. When stood still the heat becoming of the engine intensifies letting the mild breeze cool the exposed skin. While in motion the chilly air greets you leaving the motorcycle to warm you up.

Motivated You To Study Social Work Education Essay

My motive to analyze societal work comes from my passion about assisting people who are less advantaged. Having spent the last five old ages working in a societal attention environment helped me to gain that my passion lies in assisting the most vulnerable members of our society. I found working as a Care Assistant highly disputing but besides rewarding.A Attending a multi-disciplinary attention reappraisals gave me a great insightA A into a societal worker function. I found out that societal work can assist service users maintain their self-respect and independency, give wider picks of support, protect from maltreatment every bit good as cut down admittances to infirmary. I hope that analyzing societal work will give me a valuable accomplishments and cognition needed for effectual professional pattern as a societal worker.2.A A A What type of scholar are you?Last twelvemonth on the Access class through the exercising on the category I have identified my learning manner [ Appendix 1 ] . A Knowing and understanding my acquisition manner helped me to larn more efficaciously and place chances to better my acquisition. Harmonizing to Honey and Mumford ( 1982 ) Learning Style Model I perform strongly as a Reflector. A As a Reflector I learn by detecting and believing about what happened. I like to stand back and detect experiences from many different positions. I like to roll up information ( the more that better ) , and prefer to believe about it exhaustively before coming to any decisions. I prefer to take a back place in meetings and treatments. I ever listen to others before doing my ain point. I learn less good when being thrown in at the deep terminal with no clip to fix and when moving as leader or role-playing in forepart of others. Having identified my learning manner, I now understand that as a reflector I am a ‘slow ‘ scholar and necessitate more clip to analyze, that is why it is of import to be after my survey efficaciously. I besides need to seek to acquire involved more in meeting and treatments alternatively of sitting back and listen.A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A AMy preferable manner of acquisition was besides determined by finishing the Learning Styles Questionnaire on C_Space [ Appendix 2 ] . Harmonizing to the questionnaire I learn best by ocular manner. Information presented in images, diagrams or charts is easy remembered.A I like to watch the lector closely and be able to see the instructor organic structure linguistic communication to to the full understand the content of a lesson. I besides like to utilize colorss in my surveies such as colored markers to foreground information. A As a ocular scholar it is of import to do certain that I sit ever in a place in the schoolroom where I can see things clearly.3.A A A How do others comprehend your values and abilities?Recently I asked my best friend how they perceive my values and abilities. The feedback I have been given was as follow: You are reasonable, cautious, careful & A ; practical. I see you as clever, gifted, or talented, but modest. Not a individual who makes friends excessively rapidly or easy, but person who ‘s highly loyal to friends you do do and who expects the same trueness in return. Those who truly acquire to cognize you recognize it takes a batch to agitate your trust in your friends, but every bit that it takes you a long clip to acquire over if that trust is of all time broken. My fellow pupils see me as confident, unfastened minded and positive individual. So far, the feedback signifier my coachs was ever positive, nevertheless I am prepared to can take negative feedback. Receiving feedback is great chance to derive utile information and penetration into what we need to develop or better in order to turn professionally.AAAA4.A A A How do you near larning? How have you improved your accomplishments for survey ( including IT ) ?AAHaving developed a figure of schemes and techniques on last twelvemonth class enabled me to do the most efficient usage of my clip, resources, and possible. I approach my surveies strategically and consistently by working out where to put my clip and energies. Choosing the right topographic point to analyze is of import as I work most efficaciously in a well – organised survey country. I like to work in a comfy and free from distractions place with a good lighting and a room to distribute my book and documents. Time direction is â€Å" a vehicle that can transport you from wherever you are to wherever you want to be † ( Tracy 2007:2 ) Time direction in the key accomplishment to manage my coursework and to acquire it done on clip. Good clip direction accomplishments enable me to use my clip in a more effectual manner and let me to carry through more undertakings in a shortest possible manner. A survey clip tabular array is an indispensable ingredient in effectual clip direction. I have created a hebdomadal clip table [ Appendix 3 ] A to assist me organize my day-today undertakings, which keeps me positive and focused on my perusal, and helps me accomplish my marks. I have besides learned to prioritize my work by making the little and easy undertakings foremost and taking them out of the manner, before seeking to undertake larger pieces of work. I have created â€Å" things to make † name [ Appendix 4 ] . I use it to put day-to-day precedences and to cut down determination devising and concern. The ability to do clear and concise notes is another of import accomplishment that I have developed through my survey. Taking notes helps me to derive a deeper apprehension of the topic and gaining control the indispensable points of the subject. It besides helps to do sense of what is to be learned and to retrieve it subsequently. Having identified my preferable learning manner I know now that I work good with patterned notes, such as atomic, spider gms, diagrammatic and head maps. This method was described by Buzan ( 1992 ) in his book â€Å" Use your caput † . He calls the technique â€Å" Mind Mapping † . Mind maps allow for greater activity when entering thoughts and information, every bit good as leting the note-taker to tie in words with ocular representations ( Buzan, 1992 ) . Patterned notes involve composing the chief subject in the Centre of the page, and so compose related thoughts around it and associate them up to demo their relationship to the chief thoug ht. Pattern notes are more ocular, and are really active signifier of acquisition. For illustration of my note taking please see [ Appendix 5 ] . I have besides learned how to read efficaciously by being selective, scanning, planing and oppugning as I read. Computer helps me to analyze in many different ways. It helps me to research online for information, make structured notes, making charts, graphs and tabular arraies and to organize and maintain path of my surveies. Although I have used computing machine in the yesteryear there was countries that I still had to better. Last twelvemonth on the entree class I have learned how to work with dispersed sheets, databases, and make a power point presentation, which helped me to better my IT skills. [ Appendix 6 ]A5.A A A What factors affect your acquisition?AHaving many duties as an grownup scholar I must equilibrate against the demands of larning. Personally, the factor impacting my acquisition is English as a 2nd linguistic communication I do happen it difficult at the times to show myself in the manner that I wish to. It besides lower my assurance and self – regard. Bing capable to gags about my amusing speech pattern in the yesteryear made me experience nervous when talking in for epart of others. However, my assurance in that country improved dramatically since get downing the class. Distractions while analyzing could be another country that affects my acquisition. I need a quiet and organized topographic point to analyze without any break. I have learned to understate distractions while I work by promoting others to esteem my rights to work without break. I keep my phone off when I am analyzing to avoid phone calls that could upset my acquisition. Self – regard and deficiency of confidence.A Before I took an Access Course my ego – regard every bit good as assurance were really low. I did non believe in my abilities and felt really dying about traveling back to instruction after a long interruption. Having a positive feedback from the coachs every bit good as fellow pupils helped me to construct up my self- regard and go a confident pupil.AAA6.A A A How do you go an effectual job convergent thinker in your life?Problem resolution is one of the cardinal accomplishments in societal work pattern. Social workers use a job – work outing attack in working with persons, households, groups and communities. As a societal work pupil, it is really of import to me to go an effectual job convergent thinker. In my personal life I have learned facing instead than avoiding jobs. I tend to work out my jobs utilizing a simple technique. The first phase is to specify the job. To understand why the job exist and looking at the root cause of the job. Second I explore the job by looking at how does the job impact me or others? The following measure is looking for possible solutions and choosing a realistic solution that is most relevant to me. Finally I put my solution into action. It is nevertheless of import to measure the effectivity of my solution.A7.A A A How do you go more effectual, independent and confident self- directed learner?Autonomous acquisition is â€Å" a procedure in which persons take the enterprise, with or without the aid of others, in naming their acquisition demands, explicating larning ends, placing human and material resources for acquisition, taking and implementing appropriate acquisition schemes, and measuring larning results † ( Knowles, 1975:14 ) . Harmonizing to Malcolm Knowles ( 1984 ) grownups learn otherwise than immature people. In his theory of grownup larning Knowles pointed that grownups are self- directed in their learning.A â€Å" As a individual matures his self-concept moves from one of being a dependent personality toward one of being a autonomous homo being † A ( Knowles, 1984:12 ) . As an grownup pupil I take duty for my acquisition procedures, such as goal-setting, instructional design and rating of my learning procedure. Bing organised helps me to pull off my surveies efficaciously. In order to go more independent scholar I need to be motivated to larn, able to pull off my clip efficaciously, and reflect upon my acquisition. Effectiveness of larning depend on â€Å" holding your province of head, infinite, clip, and stuffs organised in the ways that best suit your acquisition † ( Cottrell, 2008:67 ) .8.A A A How did you work hand in glove with others? ?I am a portion of a Care squad working in a attention place for people with dementedness. Bing a portion of the squad I have learned how to work co- operatively with my work co-workers. As a squad member I have learn contribute to accomplishing the end of run intoing the demands of clients. Apart from work I besides work co – operatively with others in group work undertakings on categories. We were put to groups to finish specific undertaking. I worked hand in glove by sharing my thoughts, being and active hearer, esteem other people positions, work together with the members of group to finish the undertaking successfully. Working in groups gave me a great chance to derive assurance and develop interpersonal accomplishments, such as active hearing and inquiring and communicating accomplishments.9.A A A How do you associate your larning to the modern-day context of societal work pattern?Working in a Social Care as a Carer my function involves supplying practical support, and enabling service users to keep their independency to take Fuller and unafraid life. I besides build partnerships with people I work with, seeking to win them trust and promoting them to get by and acquire most out of life. I relate my acquisition to the modern-day context of societal work by i mplementing my current accomplishments and cognition to my work scenes. Skills such as interpersonal accomplishments help me to understand the importance of actively listening and sympathizing with service users in order to come in the universe from their point of view.A I am besides more cognizant about the group kineticss in my work topographic point and importance of effectual squad working in order to accomplish the desire outcomes.A Since making the grade I besides developed an anti – discriminatory pattern. I started to associate the theories to pattern to understand the causes of favoritism and ways to dispute it efficaciously.

How I Funded My Mission, Wrote My Book and Made Bulk Book Sales with Grants

How I Funded My Mission, Wrote My Book and Made Bulk Book Sales with Grants I started with a heart centered mission and a newly published book, How to Raise Respectful Parents: Better Communication with Teens and Parents. Like all new authors, I was proud of it, but I soon learned writing and publishing a book are only half the journey. I had to market, and I wanted to market it to those who needed my message the most. Grant writing is my day job. I knew funds were available for the kind of materials and workshops I wanted to offer. Often authors think that they can only apply for grants directly to fund themselves as writers to write their book. While that is possible; it’s rare and highly competitive. I sought a large entity/business with which my mission aligned with theirs: the school district. I offered to write grants for school programs for FREE. Yes, for FREE! In exchange for this service, I requested that I be allowed to write my workshops and books into the grant budget. School programs hurt for time and dollars. Since there was no expenditure of time and effort on the part of their personnel, they agreed. First Grant to Write the Book I interviewed the parent engagement coordinator and learned about the unique aspects of her program. I suggested that I use my expertise to better train her parent educators. I was delighted when she said, â€Å"yes.† I wrote a small grant to a local private family foundation and they funded us. I was hired under the grant to conduct training for the school district’s parent educators. The development of those training materials became the basis of my first book. In effect, I wrote the first draft of my book with grant funds while providing a needed service to the school partner. Second Grant with Surprise Bulk Book Sales The second grant funding for my mission came through an existing afterschool program grant. Because of the positive relationships built during the first grant funded opportunity, I negotiated the opportunity to provide a series of teen and parent communication workshops funded through their afterschool grant. I shared that I was willing to donate 10 copies of my book for the workshop. The project coordinator liked the book and decided to purchase more copies. She ordered enough for each family in the workshop a total of 50 books! Just like that, I made my first bulk book sale. Ripple Effects Since my initial success, I’ve helped two author friends find grant funding for their heart- centered missions. I interviewed them and wrote grant proposals for each. One friend funded bulk book sales with her grant template and the other friend funded her one woman show with writing workshop materials with a grant proposal. As a result, I have been asked to write a book about grant writing for authors. The Quick Start Guide to Grant Writing will be released in 2018.

Free Essays on Pass-fail Grading

Resolve: All classes should be made pass/fail (grades would be abolished) I. Introductory statement: Wouldn’t you agree that school would be less stressful if you didn’t have to worry about what letter grade was going to appear on your report card? To solve this problem I think that all schools should adopt the pass or fail grading system to be the new form of grading and to get rid of the A’s B’s and C’s so you don’t have to worry what you get on a test but to actually understand the material that you are supposed to learn and not just memorize for a test. II. Supporting arguments A. For a pass/fail grading system a standard would have to be set up what would be considered pass or fail. This standard would show anything over a 70% a passing grade and any thing under 70% would be considered a failing grade. With this system now students of all levels would be motivated to do some honest work and put some effort in school and every student could see PASS, PASS, PASS, PASS instead of seeing A or B, B or C, and C or D B. In this pass fail grading system there would be three different levels, a core or basic level course, an academic or an average level course and advanced which is for the best and the brightest students. Each student would fit in one of these levels for every class and will be able to get as much as he or she puts into their school work. If you put an honest effort into your classes, then you will be able to pass any of your classes. You would concentrate on learning the important ideas instead of studying to do good on testes. You would retain the information you learned. It should be your choice on what you get out of your high school education, Right? C. At Baldwin, we only have one pass/fail class - drivers education. Pass or fail classes have started to spread across the country starting in local districts, staring to move across states and possible going to start to m... Free Essays on Pass-fail Grading Free Essays on Pass-fail Grading Resolve: All classes should be made pass/fail (grades would be abolished) I. Introductory statement: Wouldn’t you agree that school would be less stressful if you didn’t have to worry about what letter grade was going to appear on your report card? To solve this problem I think that all schools should adopt the pass or fail grading system to be the new form of grading and to get rid of the A’s B’s and C’s so you don’t have to worry what you get on a test but to actually understand the material that you are supposed to learn and not just memorize for a test. II. Supporting arguments A. For a pass/fail grading system a standard would have to be set up what would be considered pass or fail. This standard would show anything over a 70% a passing grade and any thing under 70% would be considered a failing grade. With this system now students of all levels would be motivated to do some honest work and put some effort in school and every student could see PASS, PASS, PASS, PASS instead of seeing A or B, B or C, and C or D B. In this pass fail grading system there would be three different levels, a core or basic level course, an academic or an average level course and advanced which is for the best and the brightest students. Each student would fit in one of these levels for every class and will be able to get as much as he or she puts into their school work. If you put an honest effort into your classes, then you will be able to pass any of your classes. You would concentrate on learning the important ideas instead of studying to do good on testes. You would retain the information you learned. It should be your choice on what you get out of your high school education, Right? C. At Baldwin, we only have one pass/fail class - drivers education. Pass or fail classes have started to spread across the country starting in local districts, staring to move across states and possible going to start to m...